1 Ngā mea matua mō te whiriwhiri i te takirere

1.1 Whakamāramahia te kaupapa o te takirere i roto i te taputapu, i te pūrere rānei

Whakatauhia ngā āhuatanga mahi o te takirere: te āhua o te reo e tika ana, te pēhanga mahi, te pāmahana mahi me te tikanga whakahaere mahi, me ētahi atu;

1.2 Kōwhiria tika te momo takirere

Ko te whiriwhiri tika i te momo takirere e ahu mai ana i te māramatanga katoa o te kaihoahoa ki te tukanga whakaputa katoa me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te momo takirere, me mātau tuatahi te kaihoahoa ki ngā āhuatanga hanganga me te mahi o ia takirere;

1.3 Whakatauhia te hononga mutunga o te takirere

I roto i ngā hononga miro, te hononga flange me te hononga pito whakarewa, ko ngā mea tuatahi e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā takirere miro he takirere he iti iho i te 50mm te whānui. Mena he nui rawa te whānui, he tino uaua te tāuta me te hiri i te hononga. He māmā ake te tāuta me te wetewete i ngā takirere hono-flange, engari he taumaha ake, he utu nui ake i ngā takirere miro, nō reira he pai mō ngā hononga paipa o ngā whānui me ngā pēhanga rerekē. He pai ngā hononga whakarewa mō ngā āhuatanga kawenga taumaha, ā, he pono ake i ngā hononga flange. Heoi, he uaua ki te wetewete me te tāuta anō i ngā takirere e honoa ana mā te whakarewa, nō reira he iti noa te whakamahinga ki ngā wā ka taea te mahi pono mō te wā roa, he kino rānei ngā āhuatanga whakamahi, ā, he teitei te pāmahana;

1.4 Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Rauemi Takirere

Haunga te whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana (te pāmahana, te pēhanga) me ngā āhuatanga matū (te waikura) o te rauemi mahi, me mātua aro ki te ma o te rauemi (ahakoa he matūriki totoka) i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā rauemi o te anga takirere, ngā wāhanga o roto me te mata hiri. Hei tāpiri, me tirotiro ki ngā ture e tika ana a te kawanatanga me te tari kaiwhakamahi. Mā te whiriwhiri tika me te whai whakaaro i ngā rauemi takirere ka taea te whiwhi i te roanga ratonga tino ohanga me te mahi pai rawa atu o te takirere. Ko te raupapa whiriwhiri o ngā rauemi tinana takirere ko: rino maka-maitai waro-maitai kore waikura, ā, ko te raupapa whiriwhiri o ngā rauemi mowhiti hiri ko: rapa-parahi-maitai koranu-F4;

1.5 Ētahi atu

Hei tāpiritanga, me whakatau te tere rere me te taumata pēhanga o te wai e rere ana i roto i te takirere, ā, me whiriwhiri te takirere tika mā te whakamahi i ngā mōhiohio o nāianei (pēnei i ngā rārangi hua takirere, ngā tauira hua takirere, me ētahi atu).

2 Whakataki ki ngā Takirere Noa

He maha ngā momo takirere, ā, he uaua ngā momo. Ko ngā momo matua kongā takirere kuaha, ngā takirere aukati, ngā takirere whakatere,ngā takirere pūrerehua, ngā takirere mono, ngā takirere pōro, ngā takirere hiko, ngā takirere diaphragm, ngā takirere tirotiro, ngā takirere haumaru, ngā takirere whakaiti pēhanga,ngā mahanga mamaoa me ngā takirere kati ohorere,ko ētahi o ēnei ko ngā takirere kēti, ngā takirere aukati, ngā takirere whakatere, ngā takirere mono, ngā takirere pūrerehua, ngā takirere pōro, ngā takirere tirotiro, me ngā takirere diaphragm.

2.1 Tārere Kēti

Ko te takirere kuaha he takirere ko tōna tinana whakatuwhera me te kati (pereti takirere) e peia ana e te kakau takirere, ā, ka neke ake, ka heke iho i te mata hiri o te nohoanga takirere, ka taea te hono, te tapahi rānei i te haerenga o te wai. Ki te whakatauritea ki te takirere aukati, he pai ake te mahi hiri o te takirere kuaha, he iti ake te ātete wai, he iti ake te kaha ki te whakatuwhera me te kati, ā, he pai ake te mahi whakatikatika. Ko tētahi o ngā takirere kati e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te rahi nui, he uaua ake te hanganga i te takirere aukati, he ngāwari te mau o te mata hiri, me te uaua o te tiaki. Kāore i te pai mō te whakawhāiti. E ai ki te tūranga miro i runga i te kakau takirere kuaha, ka taea te wehewehe kia rua ngā momo: te momo kakau piki me te momo kakau huna. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga hanganga o te pereti kuaha, ka taea te wehewehe kia rua ngā momo: te momo poro me te momo whakarara.

2.2 Tārere aukati

Ko te takirere aukati he takirere kati iho, ko ngā wāhanga whakatuwhera me te kati (kōpae takirere) ka peia e te kakau takirere kia neke ake, kia heke iho i te tuaka o te nohoanga takirere (mata hiri). Ki te whakatauritea ki te takirere kuaha, he pai te mahi whakatikatika, he ngoikore te mahi hiri, he māmā te hanganga, he watea te hanga me te tiaki, he nui te ātete wai, ā, he iti te utu. He takirere tapahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā paipa diameter waenga me te iti.

2.3 Takirere pōro

He porowhita ngā wāhanga whakatuwheratanga me te kati o te takirere pōro, he kōhao porowhita te āhua, ā, ka huri te porowhita me te kakau takirere hei whakatutuki i te whakatuwheratanga me te kati o te takirere. He hanganga māmā te takirere pōro, he tere te whakawhiti, he watea te whakahaere, he iti te rahi, he māmā te taumaha, he iti ngā wāhanga, he iti te ātete wai, he pai te hiri, ā, he ngāwari te tiaki.

2.4 Takirere whakatere

Haunga te kōpae takirere, he rite tonu te hanganga o te takirere whakatere ki te takirere aukati. He wāhanga whakatere tōna kōpae takirere, ā, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā āhua rerekē. Kaua te whānui o te nohoanga takirere e nui rawa, nā te mea he iti te teitei o te whakatuwheratanga, ā, ka piki ake te tere rere waenga, ka tere ake te memeha o te kōpae takirere. He iti ngā rahi o te takirere whakatere, he māmā, ā, he pai te mahi whakatikatika, engari kāore i te teitei te tika o te whakatikatika.

2.5 Takirere mono

Ka whakamahia e te takirere mono he tinana mono me te kōhao puta hei wāhanga whakatuwhera me te kati, ā, ka huri te tinana mono me te kakau takirere kia tuwhera ai, kia kati ai. He hanganga māmā te takirere mono, he tere te whakatuwhera me te kati, he ngāwari te whakahaere, he iti te ātete wai, he iti ngā wāhanga, ā, he māmā hoki. Kei te wātea ngā takirere mono i roto i ngā momo tika-puta, toru-ara, me te whā-ara. Ka whakamahia ngā takirere mono tika-puta hei tapahi i te reo, ā, ka whakamahia ngā takirere mono toru-ara me te whā-ara hei whakarerekē i te ahunga o te reo, hei huri rānei i te reo.

2.6 Takirere pūrerehua

He pereti pūrerehua te takirere pūrerehua e hurihuri ana i te 90° huri noa i tētahi tuaka pumau i roto i te tinana takirere hei whakaoti i te mahi whakatuwhera me te kati. He iti te rahi o te takirere pūrerehua, he māmā te taumaha, he māmā te hanganga, ā, he torutoru noa ngā wāhanga.

Ā, ka taea te whakatuwhera me te kati tere mā te huri i te 90°, ā, he ngāwari te whakahaere. Ina tūwhera katoa te takirere pūrerehua, ko te matotoru o te pereti pūrerehua anake te ātete ina rere te reo i roto i te tinana takirere. Nō reira, he iti rawa te hekenga pēhanga e puta mai ana i te takirere, nō reira he pai ngā āhuatanga whakahaere rere. E rua ngā momo hiri o ngā takirere pūrerehua: te hiri ngohengohe rapa me te hiri mārō whakarewa. Mō ngā takirere hiri rapa, ka taea te whakauru i te mowhiti hiri ki roto i te tinana takirere, te tāpiri rānei ki te taha o te pereti pūrerehua. He pai te mahi hiri, ā, ka taea te whakamahi mō te whakawhāiti, tae atu ki ngā paipa korehau reo me ngā pāpāho waikura. Ko ngā takirere he hiri whakarewa he roa ake te ora ratonga i ngā takirere he hiri rapa, engari he uaua ki te whakatutuki i te hiri katoa. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i ngā wā ka rerekē te rere me te hekenga pēhanga, ā, me pai te mahi whakawhāiti. Ka taea e ngā hiri whakarewa te urutau ki ngā pāmahana mahi teitei ake, ko ngā hiri rapa he hapa nā te pāmahana.

2.7 Takirere tirotiro

He takirere tirotiro te takirere e ārai aunoa ana i te rerenga mai o te wai. Ka tuwhera te kōpae takirere o te takirere tirotiro i raro i te mahi a te pēhanga wai, ā, ka rere te wai mai i te taha tomo ki te taha putanga. Ina iti iho te pēhanga i te taha tomo i te taha putanga, ka kati aunoa te kōpae takirere i raro i te mahi a ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rerekētanga pēhanga wai me tōna ake taumaha hei ārai i te rerenga mai o te wai. E ai ki te āhua hanganga, ka wehea ki te takirere tirotiro hiki me te takirere tirotiro piu. He pai ake te hiri o te takirere tirotiro hiki i te takirere tirotiro piu, ā, he nui ake te ātete wai. Mō te putanga momi o te paipa momi papu, me whiriwhiri he takirere waewae. Ko tana mahi: ki te whakakī i te paipa tomo papu ki te wai i mua i te tīmatanga o te papu; ki te pupuri i te paipa tomo me te tinana papu ki tonu i te wai i muri i te whakamutu i te papu hei whakarite mō te tīmatanga anō. Ko te takirere waewae ka tāutahia noa ki runga i te paipa poutū i te tomokanga papu, ā, ka rere te reo mai i raro ki runga.

2.8 Takirere Diaphragm

Ko te wāhanga whakatuwhera me te katinga o te takirere diaphragm he diaphragm rapa, e piri ana ki waenganui i te tinana takirere me te taupoki takirere.

Ko te wāhanga e pū ake ana o te diaphragm e mau ana ki te kakau takirere, ā, kua whakakikoruatia te tinana takirere ki te rapa. Nā te mea kāore te reo e uru ki te kōhao o roto o te taupoki takirere, kāore e hiahiatia he pouaka whakakī mō te kakau takirere. He hanganga māmā te takirere diaphragm, he pai te mahi hiri, he ngāwari te tiaki, ā, he iti te ātete wai. Ka wehea ngā takirere diaphragm ki te momo pū wai, te momo tika, te momo koki-matau me te momo iahiko tika.

3 Ngā tohutohu whiriwhiri takirere noa

3.1 Ngā tohutohu mō te whiriwhiri i te takirere kuaha

Ko te tikanga, me whiriwhiri tuatahi ngā takirere kuaha. Haunga te mamaoa, te hinu me ētahi atu rauemi, he pai hoki ngā takirere kuaha mō ngā rauemi kei roto ngā totoka kirikiri me te matotoru teitei, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā takirere mō te whakaputanga hau me ngā pūnaha korehau iti. Mō ngā rauemi he matūriki totoka, me whai kōhao horoi kotahi, e rua rānei te tinana takirere kuaha. Mō ngā rauemi pāmahana-iti, me whiriwhiri he takirere kuaha motuhake pāmahana-iti.

3.2 Ngā tohutohu mō te whiriwhiri i te takirere aukati

He pai te takirere aukati mō ngā paipa he iti ngā whakaritenga mō te ātete wai, arā, kāore e nui te ngaronga o te pēhanga, me ngā paipa, ngā taputapu rānei he pāpāho pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei. He pai mō ngā paipa mamaoa me ētahi atu pāpāho he DN < 200mm; ka taea e ngā takirere iti te whakamahi i ngā takirere aukati, pērā i ngā takirere ngira, ngā takirere taputapu, ngā takirere tauira, ngā takirere ine pēhanga, me ētahi atu; he whakahaere rere, he whakahaere pēhanga rānei ngā takirere aukati, engari kāore i te teitei te tika o te whakahaere, ā, he iti noa te diameter o te paipa, nō reira me whiriwhiri ngā takirere aukati, ngā takirere whakatere rānei; mō ngā pāpāho tino paitini, me whiriwhiri ngā takirere aukati hiri-pūhau; engari kaua ngā takirere aukati e whakamahia mō ngā pāpāho he matotoru teitei me ngā pāpāho kei roto ngā matūriki e ngāwari ana te whakatō, kaua hoki e whakamahia hei takirere hau me ngā takirere mō ngā pūnaha korehau iti.

3.3 Ngā tohutohu mō te whiriwhiri i te takirere pōro

He pai ngā takirere pōro mō ngā pāpāho pāmahana-iti, pēhanga-tiketike, me te matotoru-teitei. Ka taea te whakamahi i te nuinga o ngā takirere pōro i roto i ngā pāpāho me ngā matūriki totoka iri, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi mō ngā pāpāho paura me ngā matūriki kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga rauemi o te hiri; kāore ngā takirere pōro hongere-katoa e pai mō te whakahaere rere, engari he pai mō ngā wā e hiahia ana kia tere te whakatuwhera me te kati, he mea watea mō te tapahi ohorere i roto i ngā aituā; ko ngā takirere pōro e taunakihia ana mō ngā paipa he tino kaha te mahi hiri, he pakaru, he hongere whakaheke, he tere te whakatuwhera me te kati, he tapahi pēhanga-tiketike (he rerekētanga pēhanga nui), he iti te haruru, he āhuatanga hau, he iti te taipana mahi, me te iti o te ātete wai; he pai ngā takirere pōro mō ngā hanganga māmā, te tapahi pēhanga-tiketike, me ngā pāpāho waikura; ko ngā takirere pōro hoki ngā takirere tino pai mō ngā pāpāho pāmahana-tiketike me te makariri-hohonu. Mō ngā pūnaha paipa me ngā taputapu mō ngā pāpāho pāmahana-tiketike, me whiriwhiri ngā takirere pōro pāmahana-tiketike me ngā taupoki takirere; i te whakamahi i ngā takirere pōro mānu, me pikau e te rauemi nohoanga takirere te kawenga o te pōro me te reo mahi. Ko ngā takirere pōro whānui-rahi e hiahia ana kia nui ake te kaha i te wā e whakahaerehia ana, ā, ko ngā takirere pōro DN≥200mm me whakamahi i te tuku taputapu kutukutu; he pai ngā takirere pōro pumau mō ngā wā he whānui ake me ngā pēhanga teitei ake; hei tāpiri, ko ngā takirere pōro e whakamahia ana mō ngā paipa o ngā rauemi tukatuka tino paitini me ngā pāpāho mura me whai hanganga ātete ahi me te ātete-pūmau.

3.4 Ngā Tohutohu Kōwhiri mō te Takirere Ārai

He pai ngā takirere whakatere mō ngā wā he iti te pāmahana waenga me te pēhanga teitei, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia whakarerekētia te rere me te pēhanga. Kāore e pai mō ngā pāpāho he matotoru teitei, kei roto ngā matūriki totoka, ā, kāore hoki e pai mō ngā takirere wehe.

3.5 Ngā Tohutohu Kōwhiri mō te Takirere Mono

He pai ngā takirere mono mō ngā wā e hiahia ana kia tere te whakatuwheratanga me te kati. Kāore i te nuinga o te wā e pai ana mō ngā pāpāho mamaoa me ngā pāpāho pāmahana teitei. Ka whakamahia mō ngā pāpāho he iti te pāmahana me te matotoru teitei, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā pāpāho he matūriki tautau.

3.6 Ngā Tohutohu Kōwhiri mō te Takirere Pūrerehua

He pai ngā takirere pūrerehua mō ngā wā he nui ngā diameter (pēnei i te DN﹥600mm) me ngā whakaritenga roa hanganga poto, tae atu ki ngā wā e hiahia ana kia tere te whakahaere i te rere me te whakatuwheratanga me te kati. E whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā pāpāho pēnei i te wai, te hinu me te hau kōpeke me ngā pāmahana ≤80℃ me ngā pēhanga ≤1.0MPa; nā te mea he nui te ngaronga pēhanga o ngā takirere pūrerehua ki te whakataurite ki ngā takirere kuaha me ngā takirere pōro, he pai ngā takirere pūrerehua mō ngā pūnaha paipa me ngā whakaritenga ngaronga pēhanga ngāwari.

3.7 Ngā Tohutohu Kōwhiri mō te Takirere Tirotiro

Ko ngā takirere tirotiro he mea pai mō ngā mea ma, ā, kāore e pai mō ngā mea kei roto ngā matūriki totoka me te matotoru nui. Mēnā he DN≤40mm te rahi, he mea tika kia whakamahia he takirere tirotiro hiki (kia tāutahia ki ngā paipa whakapae anake); mēnā he DN = 50 ~ 400mm te rahi, he mea tika kia whakamahia he takirere tirotiro hiki hurihuri (ka taea te tāuta ki ngā paipa whakapae me ngā paipa poutū. Mēnā he paipa poutū te rahi, me ahu te ahunga rere o te reo mai i raro ki runga); mēnā he DN = 450mm te rahi, he mea tika kia whakamahia he takirere tirotiro ārai; mēnā he DN = 100 ~ 400mm te rahi, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te takirere tirotiro wafer; ka taea te hanga i te takirere tirotiro hurihuri hei pēhanga mahi tino teitei, ka taea e te PN te eke ki te 42MPa, ā, ka taea te whakamahi ki tētahi reo mahi me tētahi awhe pāmahana mahi e ai ki ngā rauemi rerekē o te anga me ngā hiri. Ko te reo he wai, he mamaoa, he hau, he reo waikura, he hinu, he rongoā, me ētahi atu. Ko te awhe pāmahana mahi reo kei waenga i te -196 ~ 800℃.

3.8 Ngā tohutohu mō te whiriwhiri i te takirere diaphragm

He pai ngā takirere diaphragm mō te hinu, te wai, ngā pāpāho waikawa me ngā pāpāho kei roto ngā mea iri me te pāmahana mahi iti iho i te 200℃ me te pēhanga iti iho i te 1.0MPa, engari kāore mō ngā whakarewa waro me ngā waikura kaha. He pai ngā takirere diaphragm momo-pū mō ngā pāpāho kirikiri. Me whakamahi te ripanga āhuatanga rere mō te kōwhiringa o ngā takirere diaphragm momo-pū. He pai ngā takirere diaphragm tika-roto mō ngā wai matotoru, ngā paru sima me ngā pāpāho parataiao. Haunga ngā whakaritenga motuhake, kaua ngā takirere diaphragm e whakamahia ki ngā paipa korehau me ngā taputapu korehau.