Ngā Wāhi e Whakamahia ai ngā Takirere: Ngā Wāhi Katoa!

08 Whiringa-ā-rangi 2017 Nā Greg Johnson i tuhi

E kitea ana ngā takirere i ngā wāhi katoa i ēnei rā: i roto i ō tātou kāinga, i raro i te tiriti, i roto i ngā whare arumoni me ngā mano tini o ngā wāhi i roto i ngā tipu hiko me te wai, i ngā mira pepa, i ngā whare whakapai hinu, i ngā tipu matū me ētahi atu whare ahumahi me ngā hanganga.
He whānui rawa ngā pakihiwi o te umanga takirere, he rerekē ngā wāhanga mai i te tohatoha wai ki te hiko karihi ki te hinu me te hau o runga me raro. E whakamahi ana ia o ēnei umanga kaiwhakamahi mutunga i ētahi momo takirere taketake; heoi, he rerekē ngā taipitopito o te hanganga me ngā rauemi. Anei tētahi tauira:

NGĀ WHARE WAI
I te ao o te tohatoha wai, he iti noa iho ngā pēhanga, ā, he āhua noa iho ngā pāmahana. Mā ēnei āhuatanga e rua ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi wāhanga hoahoa takirere kāore e kitea i ngā taputapu uaua ake pērā i ngā takirere mamaoa pāmahana teitei. Mā te pāmahana āhua noa o te ratonga wai ka taea te whakamahi i ngā elastomers me ngā hiri rapa kāore e tika ana i hea atu. Mā ēnei rauemi ngohengohe ka taea te whakamahi i ngā takirere wai hei hiri pūmau i ngā maturuturunga wai.

Ko tētahi atu whakaaro mō ngā takirere ratonga wai ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi hanga. He nui te whakamahinga o ngā rino whakarewa me ngā rino ngāwari i roto i ngā pūnaha wai, inā koa ngā raina whānui o waho. Ka taea te whakahaere pai i ngā raina tino iti me ngā rauemi takirere parahi.

Ko ngā pēhanga e kitea ana e te nuinga o ngā takirere wai he iti iho i te 200 psi. Ko te tikanga, kāore e hiahiatia he hoahoa pēhanga teitei ake, he matotoru ake te pakitara. Ahakoa te kōrero, tera ētahi wā ka hangaia ngā takirere wai hei whakahaere i ngā pēhanga teitei ake, tae atu ki te 300 psi. Ko ēnei whakamahinga he mea whakamahi i ngā awaawa roa e tata ana ki te pūtake pēhanga. I ētahi wā ka kitea hoki ngā takirere wai pēhanga teitei ake i ngā wāhi pēhanga teitei rawa i roto i tētahi tāone teitei.

Kua whakaputa te American Water Works Association (AWWA) i ngā whakaritenga e hipoki ana i ngā momo takirere me ngā whakaterenga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi wai.

WAI PARA
Ko te taha kē atu o te wai inu hou e uru ana ki tētahi whare, ki tētahi hanganga rānei, ko te putanga o te wai para, o te wai paru rānei. Ka kohia e ēnei paipa ngā wai para me ngā totoka katoa, ka tukuna ki tētahi tipu maimoatanga wai para. He maha ngā paipa me ngā takirere pēhanga iti o ēnei tipu maimoatanga hei mahi i ā rātou "mahi paru." He ngāwari ake ngā whakaritenga mō ngā takirere wai para i ngā whakaritenga mō te ratonga wai ma. Ko ngā kuaha rino me ngā takirere tirotiro ngā whiringa rongonui mō tēnei momo ratonga. Ko ngā takirere paerewa i roto i tēnei ratonga he mea hanga kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga a te AWWA.

AHUMANGA HIKO
Ko te nuinga o te hiko e whakaputaina ana i te Hononga o Amerika e whakaputaina ana i roto i ngā tipu mamaoa e whakamahi ana i ngā wahie pūmua me ngā tāpine tere-rahi. Mā te tango i te uhi o tētahi tipu hiko hou ka puta he tirohanga o ngā pūnaha paipa pēhanga teitei, pāmahana teitei. Ko ēnei raina matua ngā mea tino nui i roto i te tukanga whakaputa hiko mamaoa.

Ko ngā takirere kēti tonu te whiringa matua mō ngā tono whakaweto/whakakā o ngā tipu hiko, ahakoa kei te kitea anō hoki ngā takirere porowhita tauira-Y mō tētahi kaupapa motuhake. Kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā takirere pōro mahi-teitei, ratonga-nui i roto i ētahi kaihoahoa tipu hiko, ā, kei te whai wāhi atu ki tēnei ao i mua ko te takirere rārangi te mea nui.

He mea nui te mahi whakarewa mō ngā takirere i roto i ngā tono hiko, inā koa ko ērā e mahi ana i roto i ngā awhe mahi tino nui, tino nui rānei o te pēhanga me te pāmahana. Ko te F91, F92, C12A, me ētahi koranu Inconel me te kowiri tira e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tipu hiko o ēnei rā. Kei roto i ngā akomanga pēhanga ko te 1500, 2500 me ētahi wā ko te 4500. Ko te āhua whakarerekētanga o ngā tipu hiko tihi (ko ērā e mahi ana i te wā e hiahiatia ana) ka nui te taumahatanga ki ngā takirere me ngā paipa, me te hiahia kia pakari ngā hoahoa hei whakahaere i te huinga tino nui o te huringa, te pāmahana me te pēhanga.
Haunga ngā takirere mamaoa matua, kei ngā tipu hiko ngā paipa tāpiri e whakakiia ana e te tini o ngā takirere kēti, porowhita, taki, pūrerehua me te pōro.

He rite tonu te kaupapa o te mahi a ngā tipu hiko karihi i runga i te mātāpono o te mamaoa/tīni tere-teitei. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te mea i roto i te tipu hiko karihi, ka hangaia te mamaoa e te wera mai i te tukanga wehenga. He rite tonu ngā takirere tipu hiko karihi ki ō rātou whanaunga he wahie pūmua, engari ko ō rātou whakapapa me te whakaritenga tāpiri o te pono tino. Ka hangaia ngā takirere karihi ki ngā paerewa tino teitei, me ngā tuhinga whai mana me te tirotiro e whakakī ana i ngā rau whārangi.

TE WHAKAPUTANGA HINU ME TE HAUREHU
He nui ngā kaiwhakamahi o ngā takirere i roto i ngā puna hinu me te hau me ngā whare whakaputa, tae atu ki te maha o ngā takirere taumaha. Ahakoa kāore e tūpono ana te pupuhi o te hinu e rau putu te teitei ki te rangi, e whakaatu ana te ahua i te pēhanga pea o te hinu me te hau i raro i te whenua. Koinei te take e whakanohoia ai ngā pane puna, ngā rākau Kirihimete rānei ki te tihi o te aho paipa roa o te puna. Ko ēnei huihuinga, me ō rātou huinga takirere me ngā taputapu motuhake, kua hangaia hei whakahaere i ngā pēhanga neke atu i te 10,000 psi. Ahakoa he onge te kitea i runga i ngā puna e keria ana i runga i te whenua i ēnei rā, he maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā pēhanga tino teitei i runga i ngā puna hohonu i tai.

Ko te hoahoa o ngā taputapu puna wai e hipokina ana e ngā whakaritenga API pēnei i te 6A, Whakatakotoranga mō ngā Taputapu Puna Wai me te Rākau Kirihimete. Ko ngā takirere kua hipokina ki te 6A he mea hanga mō ngā pēhanga tino teitei engari mō ngā pāmahana iti. He maha ngā rākau Kirihimete kei roto ngā takirere kuaha me ngā takirere porowhita motuhake e kiia nei ko ngā kōkō. Ka whakamahia ngā kōkō hei whakahaere i te rere mai i te puna.

Haunga ngā puna wai anō, he maha ngā whare tautoko e whakakī ana i tētahi mara hinu, hau rānei. Me whakamahi he maha ngā takirere mō ngā taputapu tukatuka hei tukatuka i te hinu, i te hau rānei. Ko ēnei takirere he maitai waro te nuinga o te wā, he mea whakarite mō ngā momo iti iho.

I ētahi wā, ka kitea he wai tino waikura—he hauwai whanariki—i roto i te awa hinu mata. Ka taea e tēnei rauemi, e kiia ana ko te hau kawa, te whakamate. Hei wikitoria i ngā wero o te hau kawa, me whai i ngā rauemi motuhake, i ngā tikanga tukatuka rauemi rānei e ai ki te whakaritenga a te NACE International MR0175.

AHUMANGA O TĀWHE
He maha ngā takirere i hangaia ki ngā pūnaha paipa mō ngā waka hinu tai moana me ngā whare whakaputa hei whakahaere i ngā momo wero whakahaere rere. Kei roto hoki i ēnei whare ngā momo koropiko pūnaha whakahaere me ngā taputapu whakaiti pēhanga.

Mō ngā whare whakaputa hinu, ko te ngākau toto te pūnaha paipa whakaora hinu, hau rānei. Ahakoa kāore i te tū tonu i runga i te papaaho, he maha ngā pūnaha whakaputa e whakamahi ana i ngā rākau Kirihimete me ngā pūnaha paipa e mahi ana i ngā hohonutanga kino o te 10,000 putu, neke atu rānei. Kua hangaia tēnei taputapu whakaputa ki ngā paerewa maha o te American Petroleum Institute (API) me te tohutoro i roto i ētahi API Recommended Practices (RP).

I te nuinga o ngā papa hinu nunui, ka whakamahia ētahi atu tukanga ki te wai mata e puta mai ana i te puna. Kei roto i ēnei ko te wehewehe i te wai mai i ngā warowaihā me te wehewehe i te hau me ngā wai hau māori mai i te awa wai. Ko ēnei pūnaha paipa i muri i te rākau Kirihimete he mea hanga whānuitia kia rite ki ngā waehere paipa B31.3 o te American Society of Mechanical Engineers me ngā takirere i hangaia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga takirere API pēnei i te API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 me te API 609.

Tērā pea kei roto i ētahi o ēnei pūnaha he kuaha API 6D, he pōro me he takirere tirotiro. Nā te mea kei roto i te whare ngā paipa katoa i runga i te papaaho, i te kaipuke keri rānei, kāore e pā ngā whakaritenga tino pakari mō te whakamahi i ngā takirere API 6D mō ngā paipa. Ahakoa he maha ngā momo takirere e whakamahia ana i roto i ēnei pūnaha paipa, ko te momo takirere whiriwhiri ko te takirere pōro.

NGĀ PAIPA
Ahakoa e huna ana te nuinga o ngā paipa i te tirohanga, e kitea whānuitia ana tō rātou aroaro. Ko ngā tohu iti e kī ana "paipa hinu" he tohu mārama mō te aroaro o ngā paipa kawe waka i raro i te whenua. He maha ngā takirere nui o ēnei paipa puta noa i ō rātou roanga. Ka kitea ngā takirere kati paipa ohorere i ngā wā kua whakaritea e ngā paerewa, ngā ture me ngā ture. Ko te mahi nui a ēnei takirere ko te wehe i tētahi wāhanga o te paipa mēnā ka turuturu, mēnā rānei e hiahiatia ana he tiaki.

Kei te taha hoki o te ara paipa ngā whare e puta mai ai te raina i te whenua, ā, e wātea ana te urunga ki te raina. Ko ēnei teihana te kāinga mō ngā taputapu whakarewa "poaka", arā, he taputapu e whakaurua ana ki roto i ngā paipa hei tirotiro, hei horoi rānei i te raina. He maha ngā takirere kei roto i ēnei teihana whakarewa poaka, he momo kēti, he momo pōro rānei. Me tuwhera katoa ngā takirere katoa o te pūnaha paipa kia taea ai te haere o ngā poaka.

Me whai pūngao anō hoki ngā paipa hei ārai i te waku o te paipa, hei pupuri hoki i te pēhanga me te rere o te raina. Ka whakamahia ngā teihana komipere, teihana papu rānei, he rite ki ngā putanga iti o tētahi tipu tukatuka, kāore he pourewa pakaru teitei. Kei roto i ēnei teihana ngā maha o ngā takirere paipa kuaha, pōro, me te takirere tirotiro.
Kua hangaia ngā paipa kia rite ki ngā paerewa me ngā waehere maha, ā, kua hangaia ngā takirere paipa kia rite ki ngā Takirere Paipa API 6D.
He paipa iti ake anō hoki e uru ana ki ngā whare me ngā hanganga arumoni. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei paipa te wai me te hau, ā, e tiakina ana e ngā takirere kati.
Ko ngā kaunihera nui, inā koa i te taha raki o te Hononga o Amerika, e whakarato ana i te mamaoa hei whakamahana i ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko arumoni. He maha ngā momo takirere kei roto i ēnei raina tuku mamaoa hei whakahaere me te whakarite i te tuku mamaoa. Ahakoa he mamaoa te wai, he iti iho ngā pēhanga me ngā pāmahana i ērā e kitea ana i roto i te whakaputa mamaoa o te tipu hiko. He maha ngā momo takirere e whakamahia ana i roto i tēnei ratonga, ahakoa he mea rongonui tonu te takirere mono rongonui.

TE WHAKAMAHI ME TE PĒTEROCHEMICAL
He nui ake te whakamahinga o ngā takirere ahumahi ki ngā takirere o ngā whare whakapai hinu i tētahi atu wāhanga takirere. Kei ngā whare whakapai hinu ngā wai waikura, ā, i ētahi wā, ngā pāmahana teitei.
Ko ēnei āhuatanga te take e hanga ai ngā takirere i runga anō i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa takirere API pērā i te API 600 (ngā takirere kuaha), te API 608 (ngā takirere pōro) me te API 594 (ngā takirere tirotiro). Nā te uaua o te mahi a te nuinga o ēnei takirere, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he tautoko mō te waikura. Ka kitea tēnei tautoko mā te matotoru o te pakitara kua tohua i roto i ngā tuhinga hoahoa API.

Tata ki ngā momo takirere nui katoa ka kitea nuitia i roto i tētahi whare hanga hinu nui. Ko te takirere kuaha e kitea whānuitia ana te kīngi o te puke me te taupori nui rawa atu, engari kei te piki haere te nui o te wāhi mākete o ngā takirere huri-hauwhā. Ko ngā hua huri-hauwhā e angitu ana i roto i tēnei umanga (i mua ko ngā hua raina te nuinga) ko ngā takirere pūrerehua toru-whakawehe mahi teitei me ngā takirere pōro e nohoia ana e te konganuku.

Kei te kitea tonutia ngā kēti, ngā porowhita me ngā takirere tirotiro paerewa, ā, nā te pakari o te hoahoa me te penapena o te hanga, e kore e ngaro wawetia.
Ko ngā whakatauranga pēhanga mō ngā takirere whakapaipai e rere ana mai i te Akomanga 150 ki te Akomanga 1500, ko te Akomanga 300 te mea tino rongonui.
Ko ngā maitai waro noa, pērā i te WCB karaehe (whakarewa) me te A-105 (whakairo) ngā rauemi rongonui kua tohua me te whakamahia i roto i ngā takirere mō te ratonga whakapai. He maha ngā tono tukanga whakapai e pana ana i ngā rohe pāmahana o runga o ngā maitai waro noa, ā, kua tohua ngā koranu pāmahana teitei ake mō ēnei tono. Ko ngā mea tino rongonui ko ngā maitai chrome/moly pērā i te 1-1/4% Cr, 2-1/4% Cr, 5% Cr me te 9% Cr. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā maitai kowiri tira me ngā koranu nikara-teitei i roto i ētahi tukanga whakapai tino uaua.

MATUA
He nui te whakamahi a te umanga matū i ngā momo takirere me ngā rauemi katoa. Mai i ngā wheketere iti ki ngā whare matū nui e kitea ana i te Takutai Moana-a-Kiwa, he wāhanga nui ngā takirere o ngā pūnaha paipa tukatuka matū.

He iti ake te pēhanga o te nuinga o ngā tono i roto i ngā tukanga matū i ērā atu tukanga whakamahine me te whakaputa hiko. Ko ngā akomanga pēhanga rongonui mō ngā takirere me ngā paipa o te tipu matū ko ngā Akomanga 150 me te 300. Ko ngā tipu matū anō hoki te mea nui rawa atu i riro mai ai te hea mākete i ngā takirere pōro mai i ngā takirere raina i ngā tau 40 kua hipa. Ko te takirere pōro e mau ana te kaha, me tōna aukati kore-tauraki, he mea tino pai mō ngā tono maha o te tipu matū. Ko te rahi kiato o te takirere pōro he āhuatanga rongonui anō hoki.
Kei reira tonu ētahi whare matū me ngā tukanga whare e pai ake ai ngā takirere raina. I ēnei wā, ko ngā takirere rongonui i hangaia e te API 603, he angiangi ake ngā pakitara me ngā taumaha mama ake, koia te takirere kuaha, te takirere porowhita rānei e pai ana te whiriwhiri. Ka taea hoki te whakahaere i ētahi matū mā te whakamahi i ngā takirere diaphragm, i ngā takirere pēhi rānei.
Nā te āhua waikura o ngā matū maha me ngā tukanga hanga matū, he mea nui te whiriwhiri rauemi. Ko te rauemi tūturu ko te kounga 316/316L o te maitai kore waikura austenitic. He pai te mahi a tēnei rauemi ki te ārai i te waikura mai i te tini o ngā wai kino i ētahi wā.

Mō ētahi whakamahinga waikura kaha ake, me nui ake te tiakitanga. Ko ētahi atu momo maitai kore waikura austenitic mahi-teitei, pērā i te 317, 347 me te 321, ka whiriwhiria i ēnei āhuatanga. Ko ētahi atu koranu e whakamahia ana i ētahi wā hei whakahaere i ngā wai matū ko Monel, Alloy 20, Inconel me te 17-4 PH.

TE WEHEWEHE O TE LNG ME TE HAUREHU
Ko te hau maori wai (LNG) me ngā tukanga e hiahiatia ana mō te wehenga hau e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā paipa whānui. Me whakamahi ēnei tono i ngā takirere ka taea te mahi i ngā pāmahana tino iti o te waikura. Kei te titiro tonu te umanga LNG, e tere tipu ana i te Hononga o Amerika, ki te whakapai ake i te tukanga waikura hau. Mō tēnei kaupapa, kua nui haere ngā paipa me ngā takirere, ā, kua whakapiki ake i ngā whakaritenga pēhanga.

Nā tēnei āhuatanga, kua hiahiatia ngā kaihanga takirere ki te whakawhanake i ngā hoahoa hei whakatutuki i ngā tawhā uaua ake. He rongonui ngā takirere pōro me ngā takirere pūrerehua huri-hauwhā mō te ratonga LNG, ko te 316ss [kowiri tira] te rauemi tino rongonui. Ko te ANSI Class 600 te tuanui pēhanga noa mō te nuinga o ngā tono LNG. Ahakoa ko ngā hua huri-hauwhā ngā momo takirere tino rongonui, ka kitea anō hoki ngā takirere kuaha, porowhita me ngā takirere tirotiro i roto i ngā tipu.

Ko te ratonga wehenga hau he wehewehe i te hau ki ōna ake huānga taketake. Hei tauira, ka puta mai i ngā tikanga wehenga hau te hauota, te hāora, te hēriuma me ētahi atu hau iti. Nā te iti rawa o te pāmahana o te tukanga, he maha ngā takirere cryogenic e hiahiatia ana.

He iti te pāmahana o ngā tipu wehenga LNG me te hau, ā, me noho tonu te mahi i roto i ēnei āhuatanga cryogenic. Ko te tikanga me hiki ake te pūnaha tākai takirere kia matara atu i te wai pāmahana iti mā te whakamahi i te pou hau, i te pou whakapūmau rānei. Ka ārai tēnei pou hau i te wai kei hanga he pōro hukapapa huri noa i te wāhi tākai, ka ārai i te kakau takirere kei huri, kei piki rānei.

NGĀ WHARE AROWHI
E karapotia ana tātou e ngā whare arumoni, engari ki te kore tātou e tino aro atu ki te hanganga, kāore e mōhiotia ana te tini o ngā uaua wai e huna ana i roto i ō rātou pakitara pereki, karāhe me te whakarewa.

He mea noa te wai i roto i te nuinga o ngā whare. He maha ngā pūnaha paipa kei roto i ēnei hanganga katoa e mau ana i ngā huinga maha o te hauwai/hāora i roto i te ahua o ngā wai inu, ngā wai para, te wai wera, te wai hina me te ārai ahi.

Mai i te tirohanga oranga o te whare, ko ngā pūnaha ahi te mea tino nui. Tata ki te katoa o ngā whare ka whāngaihia, ka whakakīia ki te wai ma te tiaki ahi. Kia whai hua ai ngā pūnaha wai ahi, me pono, me nui te pēhanga, ā, me noho pai puta noa i te hanganga. Kua hangaia ēnei pūnaha kia whakakaha aunoa mēnā ka puta he ahi.
Ko ngā whare teitei e hiahia ana kia rite te pēhanga wai ki ngā papa o runga, pērā i ngā papa o raro, nō reira me whakamahi ngā papu pēhanga teitei me ngā paipa hei whakapiki i te wai. Ko ngā pūnaha paipa he Akomanga 300, 600 rānei, i runga i te teitei o te whare. Ka whakamahia ngā momo takirere katoa i roto i ēnei mahi; heoi, me whakaaetia ngā hoahoa takirere e Underwriters Laboratories, e Factory Mutual rānei mō te ratonga matua ahi.

Ko ngā momo me ngā momo takirere e whakamahia ana mō ngā takirere ratonga ahi e whakamahia ana mō te tohatoha wai inu, ahakoa kāore i te tino pakari te tukanga whakaae.
Ko ngā pūnaha hauhautanga arumoni e kitea ana i roto i ngā hanganga pakihi nui pēnei i ngā whare tari, ngā hōtēra me ngā hōhipera he mea pokapū te nuinga. He wāhanga whakamatao nui, he poiha rānei kei roto hei whakamatao, hei whakamahana rānei i te wai e whakamahia ana mō te whakawhiti i te pāmahana makariri, teitei rānei. He maha ngā wā me whakahaere e ēnei pūnaha ngā hauhautanga pēnei i te R-134a, he waro-hauora, i roto rānei i ngā pūnaha whakamahana nui, te mamaoa. Nā te iti o te rahi o ngā takirere pūrerehua me te pōro, kua rongonui ēnei momo i roto i ngā pūnaha whakamatao HVAC.

Mō te taha mamaoa, kua puta mai ētahi takirere huri-hauwhā, engari he maha tonu ngā kaihanga paipa e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā takirere kuaha rārangi me ngā takirere porowhita, inā koa mēnā me hono ngā pito ki te hononga o ngā paipa. Mō ēnei whakamahinga mamaoa taurite, kua whakakapia te rino maka ki te rino whakarewa nā te mea he ngāwari te whakarewa o te rino.

Ko ētahi pūnaha whakamahana e whakamahi ana i te wai wera hei utu mō te mamaoa hei wai whakawhiti. He pai te whakamahi i ngā takirere parahi, rino rānei mō ēnei pūnaha. He tino rongonui ngā takirere pōro me ngā takirere pūrerehua e noho ana i roto i ngā huringa hauwhā, ahakoa kei te whakamahia tonutia ētahi hoahoa rārangi.

WHAKAMUTUNGA
Ahakoa kāore pea e kitea ngā taunakitanga o ngā whakamahinga o ngā takirere kua whakahuatia i roto i tēnei tuhinga i a tātou e haere ana ki Starbucks, ki te whare rānei o Kuia, kei te taha tonu ētahi takirere tino nui. He takirere anō kei roto i te miihini o te motuka e whakamahia ana hei haere ki ngā wāhi pērā i ngā mea kei roto i te carburetor e whakahaere ana i te rere o te wahie ki roto i te miihini me ērā kei roto i te miihini e whakahaere ana i te rere o te penehīni ki roto i ngā piston me te puta anō. Ā, ki te kore aua takirere e tata ana ki ō tātou oranga o ia rā, whakaarohia te meka e patupatu ana ō tātou ngākau i ngā wā katoa mā roto i ngā taputapu whakahaere rere nui e whā.

He tauira anō tēnei o te mea pono: kei ngā wāhi katoa ngā takirere. VM
Kei te Wāhanga II o tēnei tuhinga ētahi atu ahumahi e whakamahia ana ngā takirere. Haere ki www.valvemagazine.com ki te pānui mō te penupenu me te pepa, ngā tono moana, ngā tāhuna me te hiko wai, te pūngao rā, te rino me te maitai, te rererangi, te waiariki, me te mahi pia me te whakatō.

Ko GREG JOHNSON te perehitini o United Valve (www.unitedvalve.com) i Houston. He ētita takoha ia ki te VALVE Magazine, he heamana o mua o te Valve Repair Council, ā, he mema poari VRC o nāianei. Kei roto hoki ia i te Komiti Mātauranga me te Whakangungu a VMA, he heamana tuarua o te Komiti Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero a VMA, ā, ko ia te perehitini o mua o te Manufacturers Standardization Society.